// Copyright (c) 2018 The Bitcoin Core developers
// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.

#ifndef BITCOIN_SPAN_H
#define BITCOIN_SPAN_H

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <span>
#include <type_traits>

#ifdef DEBUG
#define CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG
#define ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(x) assert((x))
#else
#define CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG constexpr
#define ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(x)
#endif

#if defined(__clang__)
#if __has_attribute(lifetimebound)
#define SPAN_ATTR_LIFETIMEBOUND [[clang::lifetimebound]]
#else
#define SPAN_ATTR_LIFETIMEBOUND
#endif
#else
#define SPAN_ATTR_LIFETIMEBOUND
#endif

/**
 * A Span is an object that can refer to a contiguous sequence of objects.
 *
 * It implements a subset of C++20's std::span.
 *
 * Things to be aware of when writing code that deals with Spans:
 *
 * - Similar to references themselves, Spans are subject to reference lifetime
 *   issues. The user is responsible for making sure the objects pointed to by
 *   a Span live as long as the Span is used. For example:
 *
 *       std::vector<int> vec{1,2,3,4};
 *       Span<int> sp(vec);
 *       vec.push_back(5);
 *       printf("%i\n", sp.front()); // UB!
 *
 *   may exhibit undefined behavior, as increasing the size of a vector may
 *   invalidate references.
 *
 * - One particular pitfall is that Spans can be constructed from temporaries,
 *   but this is unsafe when the Span is stored in a variable, outliving the
 *   temporary. For example, this will compile, but exhibits undefined behavior:
 *
 *       Span<const int> sp(std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3});
 *       printf("%i\n", sp.front()); // UB!
 *
 *   The lifetime of the vector ends when the statement it is created in ends.
 *   Thus the Span is left with a dangling reference, and using it is undefined.
 *
 * - Due to Span's automatic creation from range-like objects (arrays, and data
 *   types that expose a data() and size() member function), functions that
 *   accept a Span as input parameter can be called with any compatible
 *   range-like object. For example, this works:
 *
 *       void Foo(Span<const int> arg);
 *
 *       Foo(std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3}); // Works
 *
 *   This is very useful in cases where a function truly does not care about the
 *   container, and only about having exactly a range of elements. However it
 *   may also be surprising to see automatic conversions in this case.
 *
 *   When a function accepts a Span with a mutable element type, it will not
 *   accept temporaries; only variables or other references. For example:
 *
 *       void FooMut(Span<int> arg);
 *
 *       FooMut(std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3}); // Does not compile
 *       std::vector<int> baz{1, 2, 3};
 *       FooMut(baz); // Works
 *
 *   This is similar to how functions that take (non-const) lvalue references
 *   as input cannot accept temporaries. This does not work either:
 *
 *       void FooVec(std::vector<int>& arg);
 *       FooVec(std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3}); // Does not compile
 *
 *   The idea is that if a function accepts a mutable reference, a meaningful
 *   result will be present in that variable after the call. Passing a temporary
 *   is useless in that context.
 */
template <typename C> class Span {
    C *m_data;
    std::size_t m_size;

    template <class T> struct is_Span_int : public std::false_type {};
    template <class T> struct is_Span_int<Span<T>> : public std::true_type {};
    template <class T>
    struct is_Span : public is_Span_int<typename std::remove_cv<T>::type> {};

public:
    constexpr Span() noexcept : m_data(nullptr), m_size(0) {}

    /**
     * Construct a span from a begin pointer and a size.
     *
     * This implements a subset of the iterator-based std::span constructor in
     * C++20, which is hard to implement without std::address_of.
     */
    template <typename T,
              typename std::enable_if<
                  std::is_convertible<T (*)[], C (*)[]>::value, int>::type = 0>
    constexpr Span(T *begin, std::size_t size) noexcept
        : m_data(begin), m_size(size) {}

    /**
     * Construct a span from a begin and end pointer.
     *
     * This implements a subset of the iterator-based std::span constructor in
     * C++20, which is hard to implement without std::address_of.
     */
    template <typename T,
              typename std::enable_if<
                  std::is_convertible<T (*)[], C (*)[]>::value, int>::type = 0>
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG Span(T *begin, T *end) noexcept
        : m_data(begin), m_size(end - begin) {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(end >= begin);
    }

    /**
     * Implicit conversion of spans between compatible types.
     *
     *  Specifically, if a pointer to an array of type O can be implicitly
     * converted to a pointer to an array of type C, then permit implicit
     * conversion of Span<O> to Span<C>. This matches the behavior of the
     * corresponding C++20 std::span constructor.
     *
     *  For example this means that a Span<T> can be converted into a Span<const
     * T>.
     */
    template <typename O,
              typename std::enable_if<
                  std::is_convertible<O (*)[], C (*)[]>::value, int>::type = 0>
    constexpr Span(const Span<O> &other) noexcept
        : m_data(other.m_data), m_size(other.m_size) {}

    /** Default copy constructor. */
    constexpr Span(const Span &) noexcept = default;

    /** Default assignment operator. */
    Span &operator=(const Span &other) noexcept = default;

    /** Construct a Span from an array. This matches the corresponding C++20
     * std::span constructor. */
    template <int N>
    constexpr Span(C (&a)[N]) noexcept : m_data(a), m_size(N) {}

    /**
     * Construct a Span for objects with .data() and .size() (std::string,
     * std::array, std::vector, ...).
     *
     * This implements a subset of the functionality provided by the C++20
     * std::span range-based constructor.
     *
     * To prevent surprises, only Spans for constant value types are supported
     * when passing in temporaries. Note that this restriction does not exist
     * when converting arrays or other Spans (see above).
     */
    template <typename V>
    constexpr Span(
        V &other SPAN_ATTR_LIFETIMEBOUND,
        typename std::enable_if<
            !is_Span<V>::value &&
                std::is_convertible<
                    typename std::remove_pointer<
                        decltype(std::declval<V &>().data())>::type (*)[],
                    C (*)[]>::value &&
                std::is_convertible<decltype(std::declval<V &>().size()),
                                    std::size_t>::value,
            std::nullptr_t>::type = nullptr)
        : m_data(other.data()), m_size(other.size()) {}

    template <typename V>
    constexpr Span(
        const V &other SPAN_ATTR_LIFETIMEBOUND,
        typename std::enable_if<
            !is_Span<V>::value &&
                std::is_convertible<
                    typename std::remove_pointer<
                        decltype(std::declval<const V &>().data())>::type (*)[],
                    C (*)[]>::value &&
                std::is_convertible<decltype(std::declval<const V &>().size()),
                                    std::size_t>::value,
            std::nullptr_t>::type = nullptr)
        : m_data(other.data()), m_size(other.size()) {}

    constexpr C *data() const noexcept { return m_data; }
    constexpr C *begin() const noexcept { return m_data; }
    constexpr C *end() const noexcept { return m_data + m_size; }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG C &front() const noexcept {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() > 0);
        return m_data[0];
    }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG C &back() const noexcept {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() > 0);
        return m_data[m_size - 1];
    }
    constexpr std::size_t size() const noexcept { return m_size; }
    constexpr std::size_t size_bytes() const noexcept {
        return sizeof(C) * m_size;
    }
    constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return size() == 0; }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG C &operator[](std::size_t pos) const noexcept {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() > pos);
        return m_data[pos];
    }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG Span<C> subspan(std::size_t offset) const noexcept {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() >= offset);
        return Span<C>(m_data + offset, m_size - offset);
    }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG Span<C> subspan(std::size_t offset,
                                           std::size_t count) const noexcept {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() >= offset + count);
        return Span<C>(m_data + offset, count);
    }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG Span<C> first(std::size_t count) const noexcept {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() >= count);
        return Span<C>(m_data, count);
    }
    CONSTEXPR_IF_NOT_DEBUG Span<C> last(std::size_t count) const noexcept {
        ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size() >= count);
        return Span<C>(m_data + m_size - count, count);
    }

    friend constexpr bool operator==(const Span &a, const Span &b) noexcept {
        return a.size() == b.size() &&
               std::equal(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin());
    }
    friend constexpr bool operator!=(const Span &a, const Span &b) noexcept {
        return !(a == b);
    }
    friend constexpr bool operator<(const Span &a, const Span &b) noexcept {
        return std::lexicographical_compare(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin(),
                                            b.end());
    }
    friend constexpr bool operator<=(const Span &a, const Span &b) noexcept {
        return !(b < a);
    }
    friend constexpr bool operator>(const Span &a, const Span &b) noexcept {
        return (b < a);
    }
    friend constexpr bool operator>=(const Span &a, const Span &b) noexcept {
        return !(a < b);
    }

    template <typename O> friend class Span;
};

// Deduction guides for Span
// For the pointer/size based and iterator based constructor:
template <typename T, typename EndOrSize> Span(T *, EndOrSize) -> Span<T>;
// For the array constructor:
template <typename T, std::size_t N> Span(T (&)[N]) -> Span<T>;
// For the temporaries/rvalue references constructor, only supporting const
// output.
template <typename T>
Span(T &&) -> Span<std::enable_if_t<
    !std::is_lvalue_reference_v<T>,
    const std::remove_pointer_t<decltype(std::declval<T &&>().data())>>>;
// For (lvalue) references, supporting mutable output.
template <typename T>
Span(T &) -> Span<std::remove_pointer_t<decltype(std::declval<T &>().data())>>;

/** Pop the last element off a span, and return a reference to that element. */
template <typename T> T &SpanPopBack(Span<T> &span) {
    size_t size = span.size();
    ASSERT_IF_DEBUG(size > 0);
    T &back = span[size - 1];
    span = Span<T>(span.data(), size - 1);
    return back;
}

//! Convert a data pointer to a std::byte data pointer.
//! Where possible, please use the safer AsBytes helpers.
inline const std::byte *BytePtr(const void *data) {
    return reinterpret_cast<const std::byte *>(data);
}
inline std::byte *BytePtr(void *data) {
    return reinterpret_cast<std::byte *>(data);
}

// From C++20 as_bytes and as_writeable_bytes
template <typename T> Span<const std::byte> AsBytes(Span<T> s) noexcept {
    return {BytePtr(s.data()), s.size_bytes()};
}
template <typename T> Span<std::byte> AsWritableBytes(Span<T> s) noexcept {
    return {BytePtr(s.data()), s.size_bytes()};
}

template <typename V> Span<const std::byte> MakeByteSpan(V &&v) noexcept {
    return AsBytes(Span(std::forward<V>(v)));
}
template <typename V> Span<std::byte> MakeWritableByteSpan(V &&v) noexcept {
    return AsWritableBytes(Span(std::forward<V>(v)));
}

// Helper functions to safely cast basic byte pointers to uint8_t pointers.
inline uint8_t *UCharCast(char *c) {
    return (uint8_t *)c;
}
inline uint8_t *UCharCast(uint8_t *c) {
    return c;
}
inline uint8_t *UCharCast(signed char *c) {
    return reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(c);
}
inline uint8_t *UCharCast(std::byte *c) {
    return (uint8_t *)c;
}
inline const uint8_t *UCharCast(const char *c) {
    return (uint8_t *)c;
}
inline const uint8_t *UCharCast(const uint8_t *c) {
    return c;
}
inline const uint8_t *UCharCast(const signed char *c) {
    return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(c);
}
inline const uint8_t *UCharCast(const std::byte *c) {
    return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(c);
}
// Helper concept for the basic byte types.
template <typename B>
concept BasicByte = requires { UCharCast(std::span<B>{}.data()); };

// Helper function to safely convert a Span to a Span<[const] uint8_t>.
template <typename T>
constexpr auto UCharSpanCast(Span<T> s)
    -> Span<typename std::remove_pointer<decltype(UCharCast(s.data()))>::type> {
    return {UCharCast(s.data()), s.size()};
}

/**
 * Like the Span constructor, but for (const) uint8_t member types only. Only
 * works for (un)signed char containers.
 */
template <typename V>
constexpr auto MakeUCharSpan(V &&v)
    -> decltype(UCharSpanCast(Span{std::forward<V>(v)})) {
    return UCharSpanCast(Span{std::forward<V>(v)});
}

#endif // BITCOIN_SPAN_H
